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biblical canon
A biblical canon, or canon of scripture,〔McDonald, L. M. & Sanders, J. A., eds. (2002). ''The Canon Debate''. "The Notion and Definition of Canon." pp. 29, 34. (In the article written by Eugene Ulrich, "canon" is defined as follows: "...the definitive list of inspired, authoritative books which constitute the recognized and accepted body of sacred scripture of a major religious group, that definitive list being the result of inclusive and exclusive decisions after serious deliberation." It is further defined as follows: "...the definitive, closed list of the books that constitute the authentic contents of scripture.")〕 is a list of books considered to be authoritative scripture by a particular religious community. The word "canon" comes from the Greek κανών, meaning "rule" or "measuring stick". The term was first coined in reference to scripture by Christians, but the idea is said to be Jewish.〔McDonald & Sanders, editors of ''The Canon Debate'', 2002, ''The Notion and Definition of Canon'' by Eugene Ulrich, page 28: "The term is late and Christian ... though the idea is Jewish"; also from the ''Introduction'' on page 13: "We should be clear, however, that the current use of the term "canon" to refer to a collection of scripture books was introduced by David Ruhnken in 1768 in his ''Historia critica oratorum graecorum'' for lists of sacred scriptures. While it is tempting to think that such usage has its origins in antiquity in reference to a closed collection of scriptures, such is not the case." The technical discussion includes Athanasius's use of "kanonizomenon=canonized" and Eusebius's use of ''kanon'' and "endiathekous biblous=encovenanted books" and the Mishnaic term ''Sefarim Hizonim'' (external books).〕
Most of the canons listed below are considered "closed" (i.e., books cannot be added or removed),〔(Athanasius Letter 39 ).6.3: "Let no man add to these, neither let him take ought from these."〕 reflecting a belief that public revelation has ended and thus the inspired texts may be gathered into a complete and authoritative canon, which scholar Bruce Metzger defines as "an authoritative collection of books."〔McDonald & Sanders, page 32–33: ''Closed list''; page 30: "But it is necessary to keep in mind Bruce Metzger's distinction between "a collection of authoritative books" and "an authoritative collection of books."〕 In contrast, an "open canon", which permits the addition of books through the process of continuous revelation, Metzger defines as "a collection of authoritative books." (A table of Biblical scripture for both Testaments, with regard to canonical acceptance in Christendom's various major traditions, appears below.)
These canons have been developed through debate and agreement by the religious authorities of their respective faiths. Believers consider canonical books to be inspired by God or to express the authoritative history of the relationship between God and his people. Books, such as the Jewish-Christian gospels, have been excluded from the canon altogether, but many disputed books considered non-canonical or even apocryphal by some are considered to be Biblical apocrypha or Deuterocanonical or fully canonical by others. There are differences between the Jewish Tanakh and Christian biblical canons, and between the canons of different Christian denominations. The differing criteria and processes of canonization dictate what the various communities regard as inspired scripture. In some cases where there are varying strata of scriptural inspiration, it becomes prudent even to discuss texts that only have an elevated status within a particular tradition. This becomes even more complex when considering the open canons of the various Latter Day Saint sects—which may be viewed as extensions of both Christianity and thus Judaism—and the scriptural revelations purportedly given to several leaders over the years within that movement.
==Jewish canons==
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